Research Projects

• Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Apr. 2021 - Mar. 2024, 21K01859, Principal investigator, Extended Network Data from Position Generator and Exploration for Social Relational Space, 林 拓也, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Nara Women's University, 3900000, 3000000, 900000, 本研究では、職業を指標として不平等構造を捉える際に、人々の社会関係の中にその不平等性が内在するという「関係基準アプローチ」を取り入れた調査を実施する。次年度に実施する予定の調査を視野に入れ、本年度はその調査の設計について、 (1)調査対象の属性、(2)調査対象の社会関係の捉え方、(3)調査方法を検討した。(1)について、調査時点で就業しているか、または直近5年以内に就業経験のある人々を対象とする。そのこともふまえ、対象年齢を25～54歳と設定した。(2)については、関係をもつ相手の職業を思い浮かべてもらう「地位想起法」を採用するが、調査においてどのような職業をいくつ提示するかを検討した。既存の大規模調査における職業分類を参照しつつそれらの中から職業名を選定するが、予算の制約もあるため、必要に応じて類似する職業を統合した結果、合計72職業を選定するに至った。ただし、それらを単一の調査において対象者に提示し回答を求めるのは負荷が高いと思われるので、複数の調査に分けることとした。その職業の割り振りについては、次年度に持ち越されている。(3)については、多数の項目（職業名）について同様の形式で（関係の有／無）回答してもらう場合に、回答画面を制御したり回答の欠損を回避することが容易なオンライン調査を採用する。他方で、この調査法は標本の代表性が懸念されるため、調査対象者の性・年齢・就業等の属性の偏りを低減させるために、あらかじめ母集団の構成比と同じになるように人数を割り付けることとした。, kaken

  対象リソースIRI
• Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Apr. 2018 - Mar. 2021, 18K01966, Coinvestigator, Multidimensional Aspects in Occupational Segregation: Longitudinal Trend in Japan and Cross-cultural Comparisons, NAKAO Keiko, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Tokyo Metropolitan University, 4420000, 3400000, 1020000, This study clarifies the multidimensionality of occupational segregation in Japan from the viewpoints of education and gender, using government data from 1980 to 2010 to conduct a detailed analysis of Japan, and comparing Japan with the United States during the same period and with European and Asian countries as of 2000.
  The international comparative study reveals that occupational segregation is caused by gender and educational background in both European and Asian countries, but that the influence of gender has become stronger in Japan in recent years. Furthermore, a detailed analysis for Japan shows that gender segregation can occur not only by occupation, but also by employment status, and by educational background among foreign workers in Japan., kaken

  対象リソースIRI
• Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Apr. 2016 - Mar. 2020, 16K04032, Principal investigator, A Quantitative Sociological Study on Status Groups and Socially-oriented Lifestyles, HAYASHI Takuya, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Nara Women's University, 4420000, 3400000, 1020000, We examined the lifestyle disparities of people from the viewpoint of socio-economic status, cultural activities and consumption behavior, and social networks. The social consciousness, which is assumed to be the basis of such lifestyle, was examined from two aspects of the current awareness and future orientation of Japanese society. In order to generate status groups that explains these linkages, a methodological and empirical exploration were executed using an index of cognitive distance to occupations., url

  対象リソースIRI
• Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Apr. 2015 - Mar. 2018, 15K03818, Coinvestigator, The Effect of Education on Society Reconsidered, NAKAO Keiko; HAYASHI Takuya; OHTSUKI Shigemi; WAKITA Aya; HOSOKAWA Chihiro; SAITOH Yuya, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Tokyo Metropolitan University, 4680000, 3600000, 1080000, This study focused on the relationships between the level of a person’s education and the status of the occupation he/she achieves after completing that education. We applied statistical techniques using several larger datasets at the national level. When we analyzed the Japanese census data over the years, we found that the relationship between education and occupation has weakened dramatically especially in recent years. This implies that the benefit of a higher education is decreasing. We tried to find explanations. We also looked at the data in the United States for a cross-national comparison. We found the differences between the two countries in the following manner: in Japan, regardless of the level of education, we see a difference between males and females in the type of occupation they achieve; however in the U.S., such gender difference disappears once one achieves a higher education., url

  対象リソースIRI
• Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), Apr. 2013 - Mar. 2016, 25285154, Coinvestigator not use grants, Employment Status of mothers and the educational inequality of children., YASUKOCHI KEIKO; MORIOKA KIYOSHI; ITO TAIRO; HOSHI ATSUSHI; NAKANISHI YASUKO; MITA YASUMASA; HAYASHI TAKUYA; AOKI TSUTOMU, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), Kyushu Institute of Technology, 17030000, 13100000, 3930000, In order to examine the relationships of the social stratum of family (father’s education, income, occupation), mother's employment status and their first child’s educational attainment, a survey was carried out in Setagaya City (Those surveyed 7,000, recovery rate 40.7 %).
  From the results of the survey, it was found out that a strong association is confirmed among those factors. In the high stratum families, mothers are likely to be housewives (no jobs), and their children are likely to take examinations of “private integrated middle and high school” ,and go to "private school". The children who go to “all private school”(through elementary-junior high-high schools) are 10.1%, "public elementary school → private junior high schools of integrated middle and high school" are 31.9%, and all " public school" are 22.4%. The children who go to “all public school" are likely to belong to the low stratum families and their mothers are likely to work (part-time or full-time)., url

  対象リソースIRI
• Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Apr. 2012 - Mar. 2015, 24530625, Principal investigator, Dimensional Structure of the Status in Stratification/Class System in the Cognitive Distance to Occupations, HAYASHI TAKUYA; YAMAMOTO Keizo, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Nara Women's University, 4940000, 3800000, 1140000, Social distance is a concept which stands for the degree of proximity among social groups. In this study, we measure the cognitive distance to various occupations, and then explore what dimensions consist of the distance structure, what factors have effect on the cognitive distance. The main findings are as follows. First, as the dimensional structure of cognitive distance, four dimensions are extracted: status, gender segregation, autonomy, and white-collar jobs in business organization / jobs that require one's skill. Second, the factors that influence cognitive distance are one's own occupational attribute, the opportunity of cooperation of labor, and the relationships in private life (personal networks)., url

  対象リソースIRI
• Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), 2007 - 2009, 19330107, On the Study of Social Networks in Urban Situations., MORIOKA Kiyoshi; NAKAO Keiko; TAMANO Kazushi; WADA Kiyomi; KANEKO Isamu; YASUKOCHI Keiko; TAKAGI Koichi; ASSAKAWA Tatsuto; KUBOTA Shigeru; ITO Tairo; HAYASHI Takuya, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 16120000, 12400000, 3720000, This study explores the effects of personal network and social capital on the urban local community. The dataset used here comes from the survey research in the Setagaya Ward of Tokyo in 2008 and 2009. The research in 2008 had 8,000 samples. The response rate was 65.3%. The research in 2009 had 10,000 samples. The response rate was 54.5%. Both two researches conducted in mail method, we can say the response rates reached high level. The analytical results include many interesting findings., kaken

  対象リソースIRI
• Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), 2007 - 2009, 19530441, Principal investigator, A Quantitative Study on Measuring Multi-dimensional Orientation of Occupation and Factors on it, HAYASHI Takuya, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C), Nara Women's University, 3510000, 2700000, 810000, The study aims at measuring occupational orientation based on the relation of cognitive feature and preference of occupations, constrasting two standpoints ; single orientation towards status and multi-dimensional orientations. After a pretest, the survey for male employees is conducted. Analyses for single/multiple orientation(s) are carried out in separate levels ; cognitive features, orientation, and attainment of occupation., url

  対象リソースIRI
• Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), 2000 - 2002, 12410053, Measurement of Occupational Status in Contemporary Japan, NAKAO Keiko; TANIOKA Ichiro; ANZOU Shinji; HAYASHI Takuya, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 13200000, 13200000, This project explores ways in which social status is measured in contemporary Japanese Society. Occupational prestige has most frequently been used to indicate the status of an individual (i.e., the incumbent) in social science research. There is a question, however, as to how valid such a measure may be, since the prestige evaluation is elicited on various occupational titles differentiated solely by a single attribute, i.e., occupational category primarily indicating the tasks involved. There are other features of occupations that affect the perceived status of an occupation, especially in Japan, such as the industry in which the occupation is performed, as well as the firm size in which the incumbent is employed. This project employed a survey with a factorial design, asking respondents to rate occupational names incorporating firm size, industry, as well as task. The results confirmed that prestige evaluation of occupations is dependent on all of the three factors mentioned above. In addition, there was an interaction effect between industry and occupational category on the occupational status. Based on these results, a new prestige scale was constructed based on multiple dimensions (i.e., industry, firm size, and task) of occupational characteristics., kaken

  対象リソースIRI
• 奨励研究(A), 2000 - 2001, 12710105, 職業の意識と社会的ネットワークに関する調査研究, 林 拓也, 日本学術振興会, 科学研究費助成事業, 東京都立大学, 2100000, 2100000, 前年度に実施したアンケート調査に基づき、データを整理し、その集計および分析を行った。
  本研究においてとくに着目したのは、雇用者として入職した人々にとっての地位達成の主要経路と想定される「企業内昇進」および「独立開業」への志向(キャリア・アスピレーション)であり、分析の結果、以下の諸点が明らかとなった。まず第一に、アスピレーションが、どのような意識構造を成しているのかについて、調査で取り上げたいくつかの意識・志向変数との関連を探索した結果、(1)昇進アスピレーションは、職場満足度・地位志向・安定志向との関連が見られ、現時点での職場や生活環境を維持しつつ、地位の上昇移動を実現する経路として「企業内昇進」が志向されている。(2)独立アスピレーションは、職場満足度および職場志向・安定志向の低さと関連しており、現状への不満を持ち、そこからの離脱を厭わないチャレンジ精神から「独立開業」が志向される。第二に、キャリア・アスピレーションがいかなる要因によって規定されているのかについて、理論的に導出された変数による効果の検証を行った結果、(1)企業規模や役職といった「獲得-構造要因」が昇進アスピレーションを規定しており、現在の職業的環境から、自身の将来地位を「予測」あるいは「期待」していることがうかがえる。(2)「帰属-社会化要因」として想定した親からの影響は、昇進に対する価値志向が、親という生得的な社会関係によって伝達・継承され、また対象者がそれに対して「同調」を示していることが示唆される。(3)「選択-社会化要因」のうち、対象者の「目標人物」として挙げられたモデル・ネットワークは、その存在自体が各アスピレーションへの「意欲」を喚起していることが判明した。, kaken

  対象リソースIRI
• 基盤研究(C), Apr. 2021 - Mar. 2025, 21K01859, Principal investigator, 地位想起法に基づく拡張ネットワーク・データと社会関係空間の析出